ProAqua

PRO AQUA - Russia's Largest full-cycle plant Produces pipes and fittings from 20 to 110 diameter, white and gray European equipment and high quality control of products have long earned recognition in the engineering systems market Recommended for import substitution 

• Imported Borealis raw materials are used in production
• Brass embedded elements are made from a single rod at the Italian factory
• The widest range of fiberglass under its own brand Rubis

Pipes from polypropylene

Polypropylene pipe is also known as plastic pipe Polypropylene pipes PRO AQUA have long won a leading position in the design of pipelines for various purposes If you compare them with ordinary steel pipe, which is used in the construction of sanitary and communication systems, then polypropylene pipe is the best solution for many indicators and characteristics

Pipes made of polypropylene are resistant to corrosion: they do not disintegrate, do not rot, and do not form calcareous deposits As a result, the product diameter does not decrease, which has a positive effect on throughput In a steel pipe, roughness is formed on the walls, various growths immediately appear, narrowing the passage hole by 40-70% Polypropylene pipe is not accompanied by such effects during the entire operational period

A long period of uninterrupted operation is one of the most important indicators that a polypropylene pipe has

Polypropylene is a unique material that has an excellent property: when it cools, it contracts, and when it heats up, it expands, while the material does not deform It should be emphasized that under the intense influence of high temperatures (+/- 95 degrees), the load-bearing characteristics of the material will be changed, and the operating period will be much reduced Observing simple operating conditions, the average service life of a polypropylene pipe is 50 years for cold water supply and 30 for hot water supply This is approximately 5-6 times longer than steel pipes

Main advantage

Polypropylene pipes have low thermal conductivity and do not lose heat when transporting liquids in the pipeline Example of comparison: the coefficient of polypropylene at a temperature of +25 is 023 W / MT, steel 55 W / MT

Polypropylene pipe absorbs noise well These pipes do not require the installation of auxiliary noise insulation: they do not force the owners of these products to listen to extraneous sounds coming out of the pipe In other words, when the water is "running" through the pipes, you will not hear it

One of the most significant qualities is that the probability of a fire hazard is reduced to zero Installation does not involve the use of gas or electric welding devices

Polypropylene pipe has a weight 5-6 times less than steel

Organoleptic indicators for the transportation of drinking water fully comply with established international safety standards, do not harm the human body

According to statistics, this type of pipe is much less likely to be replaced, does not need large-capacity transport for transportation

Also, the advantages of polypropylene pipes include the following:

1Aesthetic appeal With standard operation, the pipes will not get a wavy shape The appearance will not change during the entire service life

2Polypropylene pipes do not deform the floor and its coating They can be safely installed over tiles, stone, linoleum, etc.d

3Have a long operational period

Various types of polyethylene

Polyethylene refers to one of several compounds, the most common of which are: LDPE, LDL, HDPE Other options include medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), ultra-low molecular weight polyethylene (ULMWPE or PE-WAX), high-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE), dense cross-linked polyethylene (HDXLPE), cross-linked polyethylene (PEX or XLPE), low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a very flexible material with unique flow properties, which makes it particularly suitable for use in plastic films, such as bags LDPE has high ductility but low tensile strength

Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) is similar to LDPE with an additional advantage: the properties of LLDPE can be changed by adjusting the components of the formula The LLDPE production process is less energy-intensive than LDPE

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a strong, high-density, moderately hard plastic with a crystal structure It is often used as plastic for crates of dairy products, Laundry detergents, trash cans, and cutting boards

High-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW) is an extremely dense version of polyethylene with a molecular weight an order of magnitude higher than in HDPE It can be formed into threads with a strength many times greater than steel, and is often used in high-performance equipment, such as bulletproof vests

Different types of polyethylene show wide variability in their crystal structures The lower the percentage of crystallization in the plastic, the more it softens Crystal plastics, on the other hand, show a fairly sharp transition from solid to liquid

Polyethylene is a homopolymer because it consists of a single Monomeric component (in this case, ethylene: CH2 = CH2)

Why is polyethylene used so often?

Polyethylene is an incredibly useful commercial plastic Due to the variety of types and visual properties, its application is quite wide It is one of the most widely used plastics in the world (tens of millions of tons are produced worldwide every year) The commercial process (Ziegler-Natta catalysts) was developed in the 1950s by German and Italian scientists Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta It is thanks to these two scientists that the world uses products made of polyethylene

The type of polyethylene depends on the breadth of its use High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is ultra-crystalline and is often used in completely different areas, while low-density polyethylene (LDPE) may be used less frequently For example, LDPE is widely used in packaging, for example, for the production of grocery bags or plastic containers HDPE is relevant in construction, for example, for creating drain pipes and other sanitary engineering structures High-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW) has "taken its place" in products such as medical, laboratory equipment and sanitary systems

Reinforced pipe in the heating

This product was specially created for hot water and heating systems Using the term "reinforced pipe", many people confuse it with thermoplastics In fact, these materials are radically different in their properties: reinforced pipe has better mechanical strength, wear resistance, and resistance to extreme temperatures

Reinforced pipe is a relatively new product Aluminum is used as the main reinforcing material inside the pipe, since it has a number of advantages:

1Availability and cost-effectiveness

2High plasticity index;

3The density of this material is 29 g / cm3, which indicates its lightness

4Corrosion resistance

5Does not form alkaline secretions

In reinforced compositions, in the process of welding pipes, as well as combined elements, the shell is slightly displaced to the outer surface This offset is necessary due to certain features of the welding technology Before starting welding, it is necessary to remove the outer layers with special milling devices, and leave a clean, smooth surface with an exact diameter that will be equal to the outer diameter of an ordinary

It is not uncommon to use a perforated shell in reinforced products The perforated shell differs from the solid one in that it has multiple perforations, a network of special holes of small diameter During the extrusion of a polypropylene pipe, visco-fluid materials flow into these holes and form a reliable bond between the metal and the polymer As a result, special irons are created that repeat the structure of the perforations used Reinforcement occurs without the use of binding glue, as well as other components The reliability of the contact coupling between the shell and polypropylene is achieved by the method of perforating the shell itself, then pouring the polypropylene into pre-prepared holes

In addition to protection from mechanical impact, in installation, as well as use, reinforcement has the main goal-to create an anti-diffusion barrier so that oxygen can not penetrate inside Engineers have found that the reinforcement of thermoplastic pipes with a "core" reduces the expansion of linear heat by a whole coefficient in comparison with an ordinary plastic pipe The "heart" slows down and restrains elements of the temperature indicators of the polymer itself This means that oxygen will not be able to leak into the structure, and will not harm the functioning of the pipe

The reinforced shell is mistakenly called a foil In fact, technically the word "foil" is defined as the thinnest sheet of a different metal alloy: aluminum, tin having a thickness of 002 – 02 mm Foil is used in the electrical and food industries, but it is never used in sanitary arrangements

The diameter of the reinforcement is much larger than the thickness that the foil has, the thickness of one layer is from 03 to 10mm If the thickness of the shell exceeds 2 mm, it fulfills the working purpose, in other words, the function of the metal pipes themselves Two-or one-sided coating performs an auxiliary protective or decorative role, increasing the hydraulic performance of the wall

Glass fiber reinforced Rubis pipe

Glass fiber reinforced pipes ABOUT AQUA made of polypropylene in hot water and heating systems, appeared thanks to the technical ideas of specialists They decided to replace the typical metal shell with a polymer, which eventually gave the pipe new high-quality characteristics Thus, a glass fiber reinforced pipe was created This product is reinforced with Fusiotherm fiber filler The main material from which this type of pipe is made is polypropylene, the fiber is located behind the middle part of the cross-section of the pipe, but slightly closer to the center, compared to metal-plastic pipes As a result of this reinforcement, the engineers were able to reduce the wall thickness of the pipes and increase the internal diameter accordingly

Rubis glass fiber reinforced pipe is a high-quality product This pipe is intended for heating Glass fiber reinforcement has a greater throughput 25% more than any other pipe Its outer diameter is identical to the standard row and does not require a preparatory cleaning operation

Brief description of production

Pipes made of PVC, PE and PP and other thermoplastics are usually made by extrusion This process begins by feeding plastic material (pellets, flakes, or powders) from the Central compartment to the cylinder

At this time, the material begins to melt due to the influence of mechanical energy generated by rotating screws and heating devices located along the cylinder Next, the molten polypropylene is inserted into a matrix that turns the polypropylene into a pipe, then solidifies during cooling

The great advantage of extrusion is that pipes can be made of any length

PP-R pipe and fitting Specifications

PP-R pipe and fitting has multiple unique properties Keep this in mind when choosing material for a particular network To learn more about what pipes exist, as well as in what specific systems they are used, we present you the technical features

Material polypropylene is an isotactic thermoplastic PP-R pipe and fitting consists of macromolecules of spiral confirmations It is produced by oil refining and has the formula CH2-CH-CH3 After the polymerization reaction, polypropylene is formed

PP-R pipe and fitting consists of the following modification:

• The block copolymer;

• Copolymer;

• Homopolymer

The copolymer obtained by the method of selection of molecules of ethylene and propylene macromolecules in random combinations

Types of polypropylene pipes

The marking PN 10 indicates pipelines where the temperature regime should not be higher than 20 degrees in the operating pressure 11187 kgf / cm2;

The marking PH 20 indicates systems where the temperature of the coolant should not be higher than 75 degrees at the operating pressure 6099 kgf / cm2;

Marking PN 25 indicates a pipeline with a coolant temperature not higher than 95 degrees, at an operating pressure of 9185 kgf / cm2»

The calculation of changes in height and length as a result of temperature changes is performed using the following formula: L = A * L * T

"L" is the amount of increase or decrease in the length of the pipeline itself

"A" is the coefficient of linear expansion of heat

"L" is the length of the pipe

"T" — temperature difference of the pipeline at the time of installation and during use

Values "A»:

1In standard PP pipes: 016mm;

2Aluminum-reinforced: 005mm;

3Glass fiber reinforced: 007mm

If the temperature jump occurred due to a sharp increase in the temperature degree, the length of the standard pipeline will be increased by 110 mm If the temperature drops, the pipeline will be 110 mm smaller If you are using a plastic pipe, it is recommended to apply measures to compensate for thermal elongation

This procedure is solved constructively, using the angles of rotation of the pipe, clamping long sections with clamps You can also install compensators, as a result, the mechanism can bend in the form of a "snake", waves

Detailed production process for polypropylene pipes and fittings

Production of polypropylene pipes PRO AQUA is carried out on special pipe lines The thermoplastic pipe is produced on special equipment-an extruder, using the extrusion method-there is an uninterrupted extrusion of viscous mixtures They are squeezed out through the inlet part of the head, which has an annular slot converting the pipe

The complete technological process of metal polymer pipe production consists of 15 sequences:

1) Reception of the main raw material, which includes: a polyethylene pellet, an adhesive mixture and other initial components

2) Dosage and careful mixing of all the above components

3) layer extrusion Process inside the pipe

4) Sequential extrusion of adhesive mixtures on the outer surface of the product

5) Forming flat aluminum lines into a cylindrical shape of the third layer, which should closely cover the previous layer

6) welding the Longitudinal edges of a shell made of aluminium

7) Diagnostics of welded seams

8) Induction heating This is an important stage of production, since the functionality of the final product depends on it

9) extrusion of adhesive mixtures on the second layer of the outer surface of the shell, then on the first layer

10) the cooling Process, the marking of pipes

11) Balanced pipe cutting

12) winding pipes in coils

13) leak Testing

14) Packaging

15) transportation to the warehouse

Extruder and its parts

The extruder is the most important equipment for creating polypropylene and polyurethane pipes The main working tool of the extruder is a rotating screw It captures raw materials that are not processed and moves them into the crevices between the inner wall of the extruder-the screw channel: at a pressure of 20-40 MPa, the material is compressed, heated, then implanted and generated The heat required to warm up the plasticization is carried out from an electric heater, which is installed on the external housing of the equipment The Intrusive head has a specific design, which can be designed in several ways

The melt flow from the extrusion head can be carried out in a straight or transverse direction, it all depends on the pipe axis If you use the direct method, the material will be formed, leaving the polymer mass through the crevices In the transverse case, the material will be squeezed out and applied to the finished product, which passes through the" head " of the extruder

Calibration devices perform the role of initial cooling of formed pipes The calibration device guarantees accurate dimensions, and calibration is carried out by internal or external pipe diameters It all depends on the requirements that are presented to the pipe

The resulting product has a high temperature at the exit of the extruder: propylene in 201-223 C, polyethylene in 168-282 C, so the extruder also cools the materials This action gives the product high rigidity and sealing

The marking device is applied to all of the detailed information data on an external surface of the pipe Previously, the mechanical method of hot stamping with a deep marking stamp in 0 was used for marking2 – 0.3 mm Nowadays, this procedure uses a computer that sends commands to the spray equipment (for example, an inkjet printer) Then information is applied to the outer layer in a cyclical order

The cutting device is configured for specific parameters, they are triggered automatically, from the source switch Since the pipe is in constant motion when forming, the cutting mechanisms move at the same speed when cutting the pipes

In the production of mechanical sealing is achieved by intersecting cross-sections In this pinch, the pipes are cut with scissors First, one end of the cut hermetic section will be the end of the required length of the coil, which is wound on the drum At this time, the other end of the cut section also acquires sealed properties, and serves as the beginning of the newest Bay, which will be wound on the 2nd free drum line

The process of producing these pipes by extrusion method occurs at one stage, unlike metal-plastic pipes, there are no procedures for organizing adhesive mixtures and forming aluminum shells The main advantage of this method is that it guarantees a continuous and stable, automated process, accurate dimensions and amazing product quality, excellent functionality, easy adjustment

Given the fact that the polymer is elastic and has a small wall thickness, the pipes produced are very flexible This allows them to be produced in unlimited length, to wind pipes in bays, and not to cut every 4-6 meters The process of manufacturing reinforced pipes by the extrusion method is accompanied by the inclusion of auxiliary technological mechanisms in the line

The quality of these products depends on many factors: the chemical characteristics of the main materials with a set of different impurities, the technical perfection of the main elements of the equipment

When considering the technology for the production of thermoplastic pipe, you should pay attention to the material that the pipe consists of In addition to the polyethylene itself, the composition includes various additional substances: filler, stabilizer, lubricant, various pigments, approving additives, and much more All of these "ingredients" endow the polymer mass with special parameters, and as a result, we get organized technological brands, products that have high technical characteristics Some of the "know-how" in the set of components is not disclosed by the company for competition purposes

If the plastic is made for household and food purposes, no raw pigment should negatively affect the human body, so they are subjected to testing and biological analysis for hygiene requirements

Raw polymer grade is made and delivered in the form of small granules similar to a ball, cylinder, lentil-shaped or other rounded "grain" of small size The granule must not exceed a diameter of 3 millimeters, otherwise it will be considered damaged

A detailed analysis of the granules

Filler – is a neutral or organic substance to the polymer It is added in order to save the polymer itself and give significant operational factors: mechanical strength, frost resistance, and so on The main filling component is asbestos or cotton fabric, as well as fiberglass Glass fibers and synthetic fibers in powder form are also used: oxidized iron and silicon, titanium dioxide, graphite, mica, silicon, calcium, kaolin, and more The amount of filler can be 55%, and the amount of polymer-45% By introducing a gas generator into the composition of the compositions, foamed, gas-filled foam is obtained

A plasticizer is a substance that reduces the temperature transition of a polymer to a plastic state. when heated, the viscosity of the material decreases, which increases the mobile activity of macromolecules and improves the processing of the polymer into the product

A large number of plasticizers can reduce the compressive strength of polymer products, but the impact strength coefficient and the tensile property will sharply increase Fatalates, alkyls, and aryl phosphates are the main oily substances used in plasticizers If you enter the correct condition of plasticizers, the polymer will be plasticized

Stabilizer – a unique substance that can slow down the wear of the polymer, making it resistant to the influence of sunlight, high levels of heat, oxygen All this indicates that the operating period of the product increases

The role of the softener is to reduce friction between polymer compositions and metal surfaces, and to reduce friction within the polymer mass This component is also introduced into the composition in order to facilitate the passage of melts through a special nozzle Today, there are many softeners, some of the most famous are: alcohol, stearic acid, and paraffin

Each manufacturer has its own registered color Therefore, the purpose of dyes and pigments is to give the polymer the shade that is patented by the company At the same time, you can understand what type of water supply pipes are intended for – hot or cold Red doesn't always mean hot water, and blue means cold water Many companies paint pipes in yellow, white, orange, green colors Thus, the manufacturer gives decorative qualities to his creation

Approving components have a positive effect on the transition of the polymer to a non-melting, solid position The point of asserting minerals is to cross link the molecular chain Polyamide is a high-quality hardener, thanks to its parameters it has become widely known in the field of engineering

The main condition for companies that manufacture various types of pipes is regular inspection of manufactured products

The absolute responsibilities of laboratory tests include trial samples of technological processes:

1. Gravimetric analysis:

11 On electronic scales, specialists weigh a standard sample of the pipe, determining its mass and standard

1. Mechanical analysis:

21 A micrometer is used to determine the thickness of the pipe walls

22 Mechanical rupture of annular samples is performed to determine the quality of welds

1. Hydraulic analysis:

31 The degree of destructive pressure on the pipe is set

32 A test is carried out for the period of operation The simulated sample is placed in a hot bath, which is under hydrostatic pressure, then the pipes are connected

Pipe fittings

Fittings for plastic pipes are normally produced by casting under pressure In the injection molding process plastic material is fed from the hopper to the zone of melting machines for casting under pressure After melting, the material is transported forward by a screw and homogenized before being put into a special mold to transform the desired appearance During the cooling stage, the plastic hardens Then the form opens and the product is pushed out

To connect fittings and polypropylene tubes, a bell-shaped welding method is used It converts the connections of elements into a single integral link The welding procedure is accompanied by simultaneous heating of the connecting parts and the use of welding equipment This is followed by technological exposure in heating mode, parts are removed from the nozzles Then they are mated and cooled

For each section of the pipe there are special nozzles "mandrel sleeves" used in the electric heater kit A "sleeve" is inserted into the pipe, and connecting mechanisms are put on the" mandrel" To make the work process convenient, it is recommended to attach the nozzles as follows: on the left is the sleeve, and the pipe should be taken with the left hand On the right is the mandrel, you need to put the part on the pipe with your right hand

The power depends on the diameter of the heater pipe For welding pipes and fittings with a diameter of 20-40 mm, devices with a power of 500-550 W are used, if the pipe has a diameter of 40-63 mm, the power is 800-900W, for pipes with a diameter of 75-110 mm, 1200-1400W

This gradation is due to the fact that different effects of heat load are required to heat the pipe material to a visco-fluid state If the part has a diameter of 20-40 mm, welding is performed manually Products with a diameter of 50 mm or higher are difficult to properly join, so manufacturers use special welding devices

At each stage of welding, a vertical tripod is used, it supports both ends of the pipe and guarantees the welded area of the pipeline a horizontal state, which is necessary in order to complete the natural cooling process

The pipe welding process has the following sequence:

1In reinforced pipes, their ends are processed with milling equipment – " Stripping» Remove a small layer of polymer and aluminum shell The finished outer diameter must be identical within the norm of a standard polypropylene pipe

2The milling knife should be perfectly sharpened, in no case should you use blunt knives This may damage the structure

3The length of the layers to be removed should be marked according to the template, applied with a rod or marker

4On the welding equipment, you need to install the "sleeve-mandrel" nozzle, which corresponds to the outer diameter The nozzles are pre-degreased with acetone or alcohol

5The soldering device for polypropylene pipe is connected to the power grid and warmed up The warm-up time lasts from 8 to 28 minutes

6 The temperature regime of the nozzles is in the range of 260-270°C You can find out about heating the welding equipment to the desired temperature by using the flashing lights

7You can check the true temperature of the nozzle with a portable, contact, or digital option, indicator It will determine the temperature with an error of +3 degrees

8The welded surface is degreased with an aqueous solution and wiped with a smooth linen cloth You can not use fabrics made of artificial fibers

9To better navigate, the tube and connecting parts should be marked with horizontal markings

10One processed end of the pipe, which has a perpendicular state of the end face to the axis, without rotating or making intensive movements, is inserted into the sleeve to the horizontal mark and the connecting part is inserted

11Withstand the estimated time period for warming up parts

12This part of the procedure consists of removing the components from the attachments and quickly (one to two seconds) pairing to the longitudinal marks Performing this procedure, you can not rotate the parts to each other, you can only slightly adjust the final location

13The cooling process is carried out using the natural method

You should know that polypropylene brands have differences in their compositional components Therefore, to get a high-quality welded joint, you need to adjust the process parameters before the procedure It is extremely important that the connecting parts and pipes are made from the same brand and have an identical composition, otherwise defects will be formed

Polymeric material

The term "polymer" from the Greek "Poli" - a lot and "Meros" - part They are divided into 2 groups: thermoplastic and thermosetting Each of the groups occurs depending on the behavior of the polymer material during cooling and heating

Thermoplastics – a polymer that has reversibly changing properties at a high temperature drop As the degree increases, they soften and harden again when cooled In other words, they can be repeatedly modified for the next processing This can be easily checked, it is enough to have a simple soldering iron heater, melt and cool the material several times

The thermosetting plastics are those polymeric materials which form spatial form and will not change during cooling The effect is due to the influence of chemical reagents

These substances belong to the category of gas are contained in the products of refined oil and natural gas They consist of an unsaturated hydrocarbon and have two bonds in one molecule: C=C

The thermoplastic material is contained in the aggregate positions: solid/liquid When heated, the polymer moves from the solid position to the liquid position

The solid form of thermoplastics can have an amorphous and crystalline state This form is sometimes called collinear The collinear form has a certain chain of arrangement of molecules In amphoric forms, the links of macromolecules are randomly located The phase state of the polymer deformed material depends on the temperature itself

Depending on the temperature increase, the polymer is deformed as follows (Fig1):

Rice 1 Curve of change in polymer deformation as a function of temperature: I zone — glassy state, II zone-highly elastic state, III zone-viscous state, IV zone-destruction (decomposition, decay), TC-glass transition temperature, TT-flow temperature, TD-destruction temperature

The first zone is a glassy state with small deformations of the polymer; the upper boundary of the zone is the glass transition temperature, TC

The second zone is a highly elastic state in which the polymer has significant but reversible deformations In this state of the polymer, under the influence of thermal motion, individual links of macromolecules move, but the links in the chain are not yet connected; the upper boundary of the zone is the flow temperature, TT;

The third zone is the viscous state or melt The polymer becomes fluid, resulting in irreversible deformation If you continue to increase the temperature the polymer will be destroyed: it will decompose and disintegrate The upper limit of the zone is the destruction temperature, TD

The fourth zone is destruction, polymer molecules are destroyed, chains are broken All this is accompanied by a radical change in the structure of the polymer itself: the molecular weight decreases, physical, mechanical and other properties significantly deteriorate Thermal degradation is the breakdown of a polymer due to an increase in temperature If the decay occurs under the influence of light – light destruction

In a negative temperature value, the behavior of the thermoplastics phase has not been practically studied, but the values of their boundaries have been recorded, at which the material loses its functionality and becomes brittle The temperature is sub-zero degradation for a variety of different thermoplastics

Material processing by injection molding or extrusion is performed in the temperature ranges TT-TD Welding is performed at the same temperatures

We propose to consider the above procedure on the example of polyethylene

Spatial zones of the polyethylene mass in which the rows of molecular units are partially collinear and appear to be in an "ordered" state have a higher density compared to the rest of the material mass These" ordered zones " are called crystallites Zones around them with disordered molecular chains that have disordered, chaotic directions are called amorphous The material in such zones has a lower density

U high-density polyethylene at a temperature within 130°C there is a phase transition from the crystallites to the amorphous state As the temperature increases, the ordered bonds of the crystallites become disordered When the temperature increases to about 200°C polyethylene becomes viscous In this state, it can be processed, including the production of pipes by extrusion

After cooling the finished product, areas with high and low density appear in the polyethylene again, and the phase zones are separated again In the case of chemical bonding of the phase zones together, the strength characteristics and performance properties of the new polyethylene would be much better than that of conventional polyethylene with a linear structure of molecular links

Scientists have long been looking for such chemical reactions and technological conditions under which it would be possible to create cross-links between the molecular links of polyethylene - "bridges", that is, "sew" them into a single three-dimensional structure, the so-called " grid"

By participating in the reaction as an initiator of oxygen, the creation of "cross-linked" polyethylene was achieved Crosslinking of polyethylene is understood as the process of linking high-molecular linear chains into a three-dimensional grid The grid is formed as a result of creating connections between sections of macromolecules Per thousand carbon atoms their number is 2-3 bonds

The optimal degree of crosslinking is 85% It depends on compliance with technological conditions The lower limit of cross-linking of molecular links, which still shows the characteristics of "mesh" polyethylene is 68% Various technologies are used to produce cross-linked polyethylene

The crosslinking method described above consists in introducing peroxide compounds into the initial composition of polyethylene During the extrusion process, these compounds decompose and release oxygen, which contributes to the formation of bonds between macromolecular links This method is called peroxide Denoted as PE-Ha (PEX a)

The second method of crosslinking polyethylene using the silane process, named after the participation in chemical reactions of the silicic-hydrogen group-O-Si-O— There is a single-stage monosil process and a two-stage sioplast process

In the single-stage method, a pipe is made from a mixture of polyethylene and an organosilicon compound located in an extruder, while both components are simultaneously cross-linked

At the first stage of the two-stage method, a separate composition is prepared in which polyethylene is combined with an organosilicon compound under thermal influence, and at the second stage the resulting composition is processed by an extruder At the temperatures of the viscous state, the crosslinking of polyethylene macromolecules into a mesh structure occurs

The method for producing mesh polyethylene using the silane process is referred to as PE-XB (PEX b)

Another method of crosslinking is the method of crosslinking macromolecules by irradiating then electrons This method is called radiation The pipe from the extruder is fed to the radiation device, where the polyethylene is treated with an electron beam The main drawback of this method is its high cost The polyethylene cross-linked in this way is designated as PE-XC (PEX C)

When a mesh structure is formed, polyethylene ceases to be a thermoplastic material and when heated, it can no longer pass into a viscous state Its ability to weld is also lost

Studies that were conducted with polymer materials, as well as with pipes, showed the presence of diffusing (penetration) of air oxygen molecules through the pipe wall

Oxygen penetration is especially dangerous for closed heating systems, where the coolant circulates in a closed loop and over time constantly increases the concentration of dissolved oxygen This leads to an acceleration of corrosion on steel sections of the pipeline, as well as on sections including radiators, pumps, boilers, and is especially dangerous for heating surfaces

How can oxygen, which is at atmospheric pressure, penetrate into the liquid in the polymer pipeline, at a pressure several times higher than atmospheric? The essence of this phenomenon is the excess of the partial pressure of a mixture of gases in the air over the partial pressure of molecular-dissolved oxygen in water, located on different sides of the polymer partition The process occurs regardless of the pressures under which both media are located, it will be observed provided that the bridge separating them does not interfere with the movement of molecules

This diffusion phenomenon is called gas permeability, it is defined as the volume of gas, for our case oxygen 02, in mg (cm3), which for 1 s penetrates through a polymer layer 1 cm thick with a surface area of 1 cm2 at a pressure difference of 0.1 MPa (1 kgf / cm2, 10-6 bar) and at a temperature of 273 K (0°C);

This value is called the gas permeability coefficient (oxygen permeability) and its dimension: mg / m2 * s * bar For various polymers, the coefficient varies from 9 * 10-6 to 3 * 10-12 mg / m2 * s * bar

Sometimes it is not the volume of air that has entered the system that is determined, but its mass In such cases, the dimension of the gas permeability coefficient is expressed in g / m3 In some cases, oxygen permeability is quantified by measuring dissolved oxygen in a liquid located in the internal volume of a 100 m long polymer pipe for 24 hours at a constant external pressure, then it has the dimension mg 02 / 100 m * 24 h * kgf/cm2

Diffusion barrier-an obstacle to the penetration of air oxygen through the walls of polymer pipes In Germany, regulatory requirements were developed to ensure the protection of technical systems from gas permeability of polymer materials. All countries of the world use the DIN 4726 standard The value of oxygen permeability according to the mentioned standard should not exceed the norm of 0.10 mg / m3

Thermoplastics used in the production of pressure pipes for sanitary systems:

o PE ( PolyEthylene-PE) - polyethylene

o REX (Crosslinking PolyEthylene) - crosslinked polyethylene

o RE-Ha-peroxide (Peroxide crosslinking) polyethylene obtained by introducing peroxide compounds into the feedstock

o PE-X-polyethylene obtained by processing with organosiloxanes (Crosslinking by means of silanes) during the technological process

o PE-XC-polyethylene obtained by radiation irradiation of the finished product

o PP (PolyPropylene) - Polypropylene

o PP-H (PP Homopolymer) - homopolymer

o PP-B (PP Blokcopolymer) - block copolymer (sometimes also called copolymer, copolymer (type 2)

o PPR, PPR (PP Randomcopolimer) - statistical, random copolymer (from English random — random, random) (type 3)

o Polybutene-PB (PolyButene-PB)

o polyvinyl Chloride PVC (PolyVinilChlorid-PVC)

o Chlorinated polyvinyl Chloride-CPVC (Chlor PolyVinilChlorid-CPVC)

Polyethylene is a polymer material that is obtained by polymerization processes of one of the fractions of petroleum products — ethylene gas with the chemical formula CH2 During the technological process, ethylene molecules polymerize into a high-molecular compound and form polyethylene [- CH2—CH2—] n

The index n is called the degree of polymerization, its value for various polymers is in the range from 1000 to hundreds of thousands By changing the parameters of the technological process, polyethylene is obtained, classified by density:

o low-density PE, LDPE (LDPE, Low Density PE), having a density in the range of 0.910 ÷ 0.925 g / cm3

o medium density PE (MDPE, Middle Density PE), density in the range of 0.926 ÷ 0.940 g / cm3

o high-density PE, HDPE (HDPE, High Density PE), density in the range of 0.941 ÷ 0.965 g / cm3

Propylene is a product of oil refining, a colorless gas with the formula CH2 CH—CH3, which forms polypropylene after the polymerization reaction

Polybutene is obtained from BUTENE gas CH2 CH—C2H5 after polymerization 

Non-ferrous metals are used as materials for the production of fittings and connecting parts intended for metal-plastic and polypropylene pipes:

o bronze-an alloy based on copper with tin, aluminum, lead, chromium, etc.;

o brass-an alloy of copper (base) with zinc (up to 50%) with additives of tin, aluminum, manganese, Nickel, silicon (up to 10%)

Polypropylene pipes PRO AQUA at first glance seem ordinary and unremarkable products with a simple design But given the fact that they are used in aggressive environments, pipes undergo a number of treatments and are tested Thanks to this, the consumer receives a high-quality, functional product that does not harm human health Competent installation of polypropylene pipes PRO AQUA-the key to long-term, uninterrupted operation

Our company's capabilities

The TD Stroyservice company is engaged in sale of polypropylene pipes During our entire activity we have managed to build a friendly relationship with the manufacturer This allows us to set the cost at a democratic level Our specialists promptly process incoming requests and help you place an order

All products are stored in specially designed rooms that meet all international standards for the storage of sanitary products This allows us to implement even multi-party transportation Before sending the product, we carefully check it for possible defects, as a result, the customer receives an exceptionally high-quality, workable product

This product often raises some questions Therefore, by calling the contact number listed on the site, you will receive comprehensive information and answers to all your questions